Comparative analysis of the environmental impact of BEVs and ICMVs in the “well-to-tank” phase

Abstract

This paper examines the analysis and comparative assessment of pollutant emissions generated during fuel production for vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICEVs) and during the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. The aim of the study is, based on relevant scientific literature and the results of previous research, to identify the key factors influencing the overall environmental balance of both propulsion systems and to assess their impact on the environment. The analysis focuses on carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, which have a significant impact on human health and ecosystem degradation. The results show that fuel production for internal combustion engines generates substantial emissions during refining and transportation processes, while lithium-ion battery production has notable impacts in the extraction and processing stages of metals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. The findings also indicate that total life-cycle emissions of vehicles are not solely a function of vehicle operation, but are also strongly influenced by fuel or battery production, which is particularly pronounced in the case of ICE vehicles.